Any shoots coming from base buds were also removed. ), vines were thinned to one shoot per node while cropping level was standardized removing any distal inflorescence on the primary shoots. After bud burst (BBCH 15 according to Lorenz et al. Vines were spur-pruned to leave 4–5 two-count-node spurs per vine. Pinot Noir (clone VCR18 grafted on Kober 5BB) grown outside in 35 L pots filled with a mixture of sand, peat and loamy soil (30%, 20% and 50% by volume, respectively). The experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DIPROVES) of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Piacenza (45☀2′ N, 9☄3′ E, 54 m asl), Italy using 16 three year old grapevines cv. Similar results were obtained by Martinez-Moreno et al. the unforced control) among all forced treatments however, this came at the expense of a decrease in yield per vine and bud fruitfulness. A consistent delay in ripening was observed (up to two months vs. tested different dates of forcing in Tempranillo and Maturana tinta cultivars, which consisted of trimming the primary shoot between 2 nd and 3 rd internode. the unforced control (for the hedging performed between 21 and 42 days after anthesis), and interestingly, berry flavonoids increased linearly until harvest in forced vines, while flavonoids in the control had peaked and began to decrease. Ripening was delayed by up to two months vs. , who, in the hot climate of Fresno (California), compared four dates of dormant bud forcing on Cabernet Sauvignon. The same technique was more recently applied by Gu et al. This delay to the crop cycle positioned fruit ripening in a cooler period of the season and grape composition was greatly enhanced. This technique consisted of trimming canes in the summer to six nodes, and concurrently removing all laterals and clusters to force the dormant n + 2 compound bud to push before entering endo-dormancy. Most promisingly, an understudied approach is double pruning/cropping, which was first tested by Dry in 1987 on Shiraz. This is the first report supporting the feasibility of double cropping in Vitis vinifera L. Forcing did not compromise fruitfulness of the basal primary nodes, which set at about 1.2 inflorescence primordia/shoot. This ripening behavior was reflected in the higher A rates measured in late season on the basal leaves of forced shoots versus those of primary shoots. Primary clusters in vines subjected to forced treatments reached target maturity with a delay of 7–12 days compared to UC, whereas forced-crop, picked at the latest available date (October 7) showed higher total soluble solids, anthocyanins and phenolics than the primary crop while retaining higher acidity. Fruitfulness on newly formed forced shoots varied from 0.8 to 1.1 clusters/shoot. The additional crop present on forced shoots was 40%–50% of primary crop, which equated to approximately 1 kg/vine for all treatments. Regardless of the timing of application, forcing was effective at unlocking either apical or sub-apical dormant buds on the trimmed shoot, whereas the more basal nodes stayed dormant. Vegetative growth, yield components, shoot and vine balance as leaf area-to-yield ratios, leaf gas exchange, and grape composition were determined. In our study, bud-forcing was applied at three different timings (full flowering, fruit-set, groat-sized berries) and compared with an unforced control (UC). Meanwhile, the primary crop is left untouched. Removing young, vegetative organs from primary shoots trimmed to six nodes in early summer allows dormant buds to break para-dormancy, leading to a delayed, second crop. A novel bud-forcing technique aimed at obtaining two crops (primary and forced) within the same season was tested on potted Pinot noir grapevines.

Primordia plant